Yalta and Potsdam free essay sample

To precisely comprehend the centrality of the gatherings, the individual communication of the pioneers, the choices that were made and information exchanged is firmly analyzed. Yalta denoted the high point for the Big Three as in the three were together in the conviction that they were choosing the destiny of the world. While Potsdam was all the more a precarious decrease, denoting the breakdown of the Big Three. The difference in Roosevelt to Truman in the second meeting likewise extraordinarily influenced the coalition since Truman had diverse methodology towards Stalin than Roosevelt did.The Big Three who initially met in seeks after a superior world in Tehran in 1943 and Yalta in February, 1945, met by and by at Potsdam in July, 1945. Churchill was expressing gratitude toward Stalin for his neighborliness and companionship at the Yalta Conferences. At that point why, notwithstanding these agreeable signals, did the Soviet Authorities attempted to separate expert American exhibits that emitted in Moscow? For what reason did American Authorities suspend shipments of help for the USSR and afterward continue them? For what reason did Truman turn cold towards Stalin and chose to stay quiet about the information on the nuclear bomb from the Soviets?The answer lies in the way that the war was won by the Grand Alliance and its part who were at that point at war ideologically and geopolitically with every others. Close to the furthest limit of World War II, worldwide governmental issues were at top level and after 1945; a progression of conflicts and false impressions augmented the hole between the Americans and Soviets considerably more and in the long run lead to open threatening vibe. The United States accepted that an area ought to be run on an entrepreneur framework that is all industry, business and agribusiness ought to be claimed secretly or by firms.In differentiate, the Soviets put stock in communism, implying that everything ought to be possessed by the state and ought to be controlled by the administration. These two totally different philosophies were clashing to one another and accepted that the elective belief system was a danger to their own specific manner of living. In 1 945, two gatherings, Yalta and Potsdam were held with the top political pioneers Of Russia, America and Britain, Otherwise known as the Big Three. These meetings were intended to choose the fate of the world after the war and how to manage Germany.America and Russians various convictions and post-war points and the expanding strain between the different sides got obvious at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. In this manner, it is huge to intently look at information exchanged and chose during these gatherings that drove the two sides. The 1 John Lewis Caddis, The Cold War: A New History (United Sates of America: The Penguin Press, 2005) 5. 2 John D. Clare, The Big Three during the War, Greenfield History Site. 2002 johndclare. net/cold_war4. tm> (2010). 3 caddis 6. Coco question of this paper manages what was examined and settled after during the Yalta and Potsdam gatherings and will reply: To what degree did the Yalta and Potsdam meetings add to the advancement of the Cold War in Europe? WHAT THEY BELIEVED AND THE POST-WAR AIMS The two incredible forces, despite the fact that they had joined to battle against the Nazis, were totally extraordinary in everything else. Belief system was significant for the Soviet Union, since it was worked around it and the west saw the USSR as a developing danger and doubted them.The Soviet Union was a socialist section, which was governed by a despot and put the necessities of the state in front of human rights, while America was an industrialist vote based system which esteemed opportunity and dreaded socialism. Despite the fact that the ideological contrasts between the two incredible forces were enormous and significant in making a strained air between them, belief system alone doesn't offer a clarification for the virus war. An entrepreneur economy depends on private possession, private benefit and free rivalry. It urges private people to possess organizations and make profits.A socialist economy then again, is very unique. The economy is constrained by the legislature. A countrys riches and assets are claimed by the state or government. The state controls and plans all monetary action with the goal that everyone benefits. In this manner, it tends to be perceived how extraordinary these philosophies were and how strife could emerge from these distinctions. Going into the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, Soviet Union needed to guarantee security, build up command over Eastern Europe, and get reparation from Germany.On the other hand, Britain and America needed to assist Germany with recouping to maintain a strategic distance from any future disturbance from Germany and needed to keep huge zones of Europe from going under Communist control. In late history, the USSR had been attacked an aggregate of multiple times, once in WWW, once in the Russian common war and once in WWW. Accordingly, there were numerous Russian losses and as a method of ensuring that the USSR would be secure from any future assault or animosity along the Western fringe, Stalin chose to encompass Russia with a support of well disposed nations which later came to be known as the Iron Curtain.During the World War, as the Russians pushed t he Germans out of their outskirt, they additionally pushed inwards into Eastern Europe, possessing numerous nations, making it simpler for them to set up control. As they built up controls in these zones, they gave the nearby Communist gatherings a ton of help and in this way, enlarged their impact in their nations. Likewise, as they pushed back, they brought along Moscow-prepared Communist pioneers who had gone to the USSR during the war. These pioneers assumed control over the reins of the administrations in certain pieces of Eastern Europe, spreading the impact of Communism.After the Soviets had pushed the Germans out Of Poland, it fell under socialism and remained so until Stalins passing. Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia are some of there nations that fell under Communism. Stalin at that point continued to set up one-party governments in these nations by first building up alliance governments, at that point expelling the accomplices in these administrations. The alliances were required as the Communist Parties in the various nations were not sufficient all alone to pick up the help of the individuals and administer the country.In along these lines, the USSR could then continue to fix its power over Eastern Europe, effectively shaping the satellite states or the Iron Curtain. The west was anxious about the possibility that that the Communist philosophy would spread as its inclination was expansionist. Along these lines, when the USSR endeavored to improve security by having satellite States, the West considered this to be an endeavor to spread the impact of Communism. This particularly influenced LISA as it required new markets and Europe could give them. As an ever increasing number of business sectors were commanded by USSR, USA lost these expected markets. There was shared doubt and question between the east and the west due to this.As well, there were as yet dubious from Wigs nuclear bomb occurrence and the subsequent front. The subsequent front was not opened till 3 years after Stalin began requesting it and scarcely any prior days it was dropped, the US educated different lies with the exception of Russia that the nuclear bomb was going to be dropped on to Japan. This seriously defamed the West and ruined the relations between the East and the West. This implied the Big Three thought that it was exceptionally hard to concur after anything at the Conferences (Yalta, Potsdam) and on the off chance that anything accomplished more misunderstandings.Although belief system made some level of contention likely between the Capitalist West and Communist East, in real the battle was to a great extent battled about issues, for example, worldwide force and eminence which got evident at the two gatherings, Yalta and Potsdam. 4 YALTA The Yalta gathering was hung on February 4, 1945. The Americans showed up with the drawn out objective of increasing last Soviet endorsement to the development of a harmony association, a structure to guarantee harmony, the Lignite Nations.The Allies likewise made it important to examine European political and military issues. Their significant objective was to fix a date for the USSR to assault Japan, which the Soviets chose would be three months after Germany gave up. Stalin kept this guarantee, as a byproduct of regional concessions in Asia. The future job of France was additionally talked about. England needed France to assume a full job in after war Germany yet the Soviets felt that France had not assumed a very remarkable job in the war and ought not have any state now.At the meeting the Big Three concurred that France would have a zone of occupation in Germany out of US and Britains share this agreed with the Soviets as they didnt lose anything. France was to likewise have participation in the Allied control gathering for Germany. Be that as it may, French pioneer Charles Degaussed was not welcome to the meeting. The three chiefs additionally talked about German reparations, which required the Germans to pay for a portion of the harm done by them during the war. Churchill brought up the Germany was so harmed by the war that the Allies couldn't want to separate any cash from Germany.German reparations after World War had been paid with the assistance of credits from the United States. The official State Department minutes of the gathering noticed that there had been just two billion pounds separated from Germany as reparations by the Allies after the last war and that even this would not have been conceivable had not the United States given Germany credit. 7 Roosevelt reacted to this, that he recalled clearly that the United States had lost a lot of cash. He said that we had loaned more than ten billion dollars to Germany and that this time we would not rehash our past missteps. 8 Roosevelt never foreseen how solid the United States would rise up out of the war, and included that the United States COOL_SLD not bear to help the Germans financially. Winston Churchill was most grounded in raising the issue of the threats of starving Germany if such a large number of reparations were requested and taken. He concentrated on the way that the Germans must be lef

The Concepts of Race Relations as Reflected in the Media Research Paper

The Concepts of Race Relations as Reflected in the Media - Research Paper Example Generalizing to the degree of making media-powered names makes a risk to society wherein one ethnicity can be singled out so as to make a feeling of ‘safety’ for another. One case of this can be found in the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as an indication of containing the danger of the Japanese. Too, the new Arizona law that requires all non-residents to convey recognizable proof proposes that in the battle against illicit movement a racial profile will be utilized to confine anybody of appearance that probably won't be a lawful resident. In proposing that ‘whiteness’ is the standard from which conduct can be recognized as run of the mill makes a contention with the genuine conduct that exists on the planet just as an issue for those whose ethnic appearance doesn't fit into what is normal. The possibility of ‘whiteness’ is viewed as a characterizing standard from which the American experience is then epitomized. As indicat ed by Cooks and Simpson (2008, p. 273), ‘whiteness’ can be characterized as â€Å"a procedure of universalizing, through which white personality is introduced as the standard for racializing networks - all racialized areas are contrasted with white identity†. The word that regularly is related with this idea is that of benefit. Through the idea of benefit, the ’white’ standard is characterized as an extravagance of life where racial limitations have not impacted the achievement of a family. The advantage of benefit where the white body encounters opportunities from the limitations of skin shading indicates a type of cliché perspective that is then reflected inside the media.

Congratulations to the TKG Class of 2017! TKG

Congratulations to the TKG Class of 2017! Over the past month our seniors have been receiving their acceptance letters and we’re so excited to share that this year’s class was our most exceptional to date. If we learned one thing during this admission cycle, it’s that the creative and quirky essays work. Our students wrote incredibly dynamic stories that made admission committees laugh and cry. They wrote supplements in Haikus and rhymes, and relentlessly pushed the limits of what they thought was possible. And it paid off. 88% of our students got into their #1 school, and 100% were admitted to one of their top two schools. Now, our students find themselves in the most ideal predicament: they have to choose which schools to attend. We’re so proud of our students and we can’t wait to see where they decide to go.The Class of 2017 gained admission to:  HarvardPrincetonYaleColumbiaDartmouthCornellPennBoston CollegeColgateDukeFordhamGeorge Washington University  GeorgetownHamiltonLehighMichiganMiddleburyNortheasternNYU Penn StateSkidmoreThe New SchoolTuftsTulaneUC BerkeleyUCLAUCSBUniversity of MiamiUniversity of RochesterUniversity of VermontUSCUVAVassarWake ForestWesleyanGo get ‘em.

Edward Bancroft Double Agent 1744 - 598 Words

Edward Bancroft was born on January 9, 1744 in Westfield Massachusetts. When Bancroft was only two years old his father past away from an Epileptic Seizure leaving only his mother to care for the family. When her mother remarried in May of 1781, Edward Bancroft’s stepfather held a meeting between George Washington and General Jean Batiste de Vimeur of France. This was the first event that sparked Bancroft’s interest in politics. Years later Bancroft graduated from Yale at the age of 16 and became an apprentice physician. He later left his job as an apprentice physician and moved to Surinam where he later started a book. After moving around country to country Edward Bancroft arrived at England and published his book called, â€Å"Natural History of Guiana†. Publishing his new book drew attention towards Bancroft and he was contacted by Paul Wentworth which at the time was a colonial agent for New Hampshire in London. Bancroft was hired to figure out a way to incre ase Paul Wentworth’s profits from the land. Soon after Edward Bancroft traveled back to London and met one of Americas Four Fathers, Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin served as a colonial agent for numerous states over in America. While in London, Franklin depended on Edward Bancroft to be his spy. Edward Bancroft then promised his friendship to the American Colonies and continued to represent them. However Bancroft’s teacher Silas Deane contacted Bancroft on June 7, 1776 requesting that he come to Paris with him.

Lack Of School Materials For Public Schools - 1254 Words

In public schools, students are often unprepared and do not have the materials that they need in order to complete the assigned work. This creates a multitude of problems, including that the student may not be able to complete their work to their best ability. Because a lack of school materials can lead to a drop of productivity in students, public schools should be required to provide low-cost or no-cost materials for students who are in financial need. This would ensure that all students were provided an equal opportunity while in school, while increasing student productivity and dissolving the gap in student success between income levels. To provide some operational definitions, in this context, the word â€Å"productivity† can be defined as the measurable and comparable success of the student. This could mean grades, test scores, or graduation rates. We could also compare their achievements that might not be so desirable, such as their incarceration rates or their dropo ut rates. 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Pullman Strike Of 1894 Student s Name - 1639 Words

PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894 Student’s name Class Date In the American labor history, Pullman Strike marked one of the most violent labor strikes. At that time, Pullman was a Palace Car Company that owned the properties worth millions. George Pullman has founded the company, and he was known to provide his workers with the employee friendly working environment and even the company houses that enabled them to commute easily to the job. During the strike, the workers advocated for a wage increase, equality, improved security, and shorter working hours. As a result of the strike, the transport sector was affected since the railway workers cooperated with the Pullman workers in the strike. Unfortunately, the employees’ grievances were†¦show more content†¦Pullman Strike was as a result of workers’ oppression in the workplaces. According to Curtis who was girls’ union leader said: â€Å"I was boarding at the time of my father’s death. He being laid off and sick for three months, owed the Pullman company $60 at the time of his death for back rent, and the company made me, out of my small earnings, pay that rent due from my father.† We can see the tough condition of those workers. Therefore, the workers joined the unions so that they could raise together their concerns on salary increment in the workplace. George Pullman did not listen to the workers’ economic complaint, and that has resulted in the Pullman Strike in 1894. Furthermore, child labor was a significant issue which the employees raised during the strike. One of the adults working in a Rhode Island textile mill lamented: â€Å"Poor, puny weak little children are kept at work the entire year without intermission or even a month for schooling.† The employers wanted to cut down on cost, and, thus, they employed children in their companies. There was a huge proportion of child workers were employed by manufacturing, more than 1.7 million children under the sixteen were holding jobs, and most of them were asked for dangerous and unsanitary work conditions. The strike also addressed

Advantages of Environment Management System-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environment Management System. Answer: Environment management system or EMS is the method of managing environment using technology to counteract the impact of environmental degeneration. I can point out that organisations today integrate external environmental factors like legal and technological framework to achieve environmental management. It has evolved into an area of study which is drawing interest from experts and enjoys support from international organisations like the United Nations. Environmental management system according to me aims to establish compliance with environmental laws and achievement efficient waste management. All the countries in the world mandate the business organisations to comply with environmental laws like EPBC Act 1999 of Australia, failing which attracts legal and penal actions (Legislation. 2017). The second aim reduction of waste is an expensive procedure which requires the organisations to invest in operating in sustainable modes like installation of modern energy efficient plants and employing skilled labour. The environment management system model or the EMS Model is a model following Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle. The model emphasises on making environmental policies in the organisations incorporate the environmental laws, outlining the strategies to ensure environmental protection and laying down plans to implement the environmental strategies. The organisations follow several standards to measure EMS of which International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 14001 is the most widely used (Olaru et al., 2014). Environmental management system has several advantages to the organisations and society as a whole. I feel that EMS helps the organisations reduce their greenhouse gas emission and carbon footprints (CFs) by using modern technology. This benefits the society and earns the organisations goodwill which enhances their corporate in the market. The second advantage of EMS to the organisations is reduction in cost of productions and operations. The organisations can install modern machinery which uses less energy and emits minimum heat and wastes, thus saving energy costs and waste management cost to the company. Secondly investing in monitoring and controlling wastes in scientific methods in my opinion help the companies to recycle their wastes and use them to generate energy. This way they can cut down their energy expenditure in buying energy from third party energy firms and use the energy produced from waste to operate. These companies can even sell surplus energy to other companies a nd generate revenue (Dunwoody Peters, 2016). Thus, EMS helps the companies to reduce their energy expenditure, cut down waste management expenditure, become energy efficient and earn revenue to selling energy to other firms. EMS helps companies to deal with cost pressures, become energy efficient, augment their profits, strengthen their goodwill but has certain disadvantages. The greatest disadvantage of EMS is that it mandates the companies to invest in modern technology and manpower which often prove to be very expensive. Thus it is clear that EMS can be afforded mostly by multinational companies which are financially strong. The second weakness of EMS is that its results can only be realised in the long run. I feel these demerits often restrict the business organisations from adopting EMS (Albertini, 2013). It can concluded in a nutshell that EMS helps the organisations to reduce their energy emissions and waste management expenditures. However, it requires huge investment in technology, plants and manpower. I feel this heavy expenditures has largely restricted adoption of EMS to large multinational companies who have the financial, technological and employee power to adopt it. References: Albertini, E. (2013). Does environmental management improve financial performance? A meta-analytical review.Organization Environment,26(4), 431-457. Dunwoody, S., Peters, H. P. (2016). Mass media coverage of technological and environmental risks: A survey of research in the United States and Germany.Public understanding of science. Legislation. (2017). environment.gov.au. Retrieved 17 August 2017, from https://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/legislation Olaru, M., Maier, D., Nicoar?, D., Maier, A. (2014). Establishing the basis for development of an organization by adopting the integrated management systems: comparative study of various models and concepts of integration.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 693-697. Rinaldi, S., Barbanera, M., Lascaro, E. (2014). Assessment of carbon footprint and energy performance of the extra virgin olive oil chain in Umbria, Italy.Science of The Total Environment,482, 71-79. Valta, K., Aggeli, E., Papadaskalopoulou, C., Panaretou, V., Sotiropoulos, A., Malamis, D., ... Haralambous, K. J. (2015). Adding value to olive oil production through waste and wastewater treatment and valorisation: the case of Greece.Waste and Biomass Valorization,6(5), 913-925.

Fear Essays (1839 words) - Princess Jasmine, Jasmine,

Fear FEAR ? Aaa choo ?I think you are catching a cold sweetheart?, said Sonia, as she was opening her apartment door. ? I think you I should take you to the doctor.? ?I feel tired Mommy?, said Jasmine. ? Why don't you go lie down sweetie, and I will get you a glass of warm milk.? As soon as she entered her front door Sonia walked into her small kitchen that was in the front of the house. The kitchen looked spotless because she couldn't stand the mess, at least not in her kitchen. All appliances in the kitchen were beige and cabinets were made out of wood out of wood and colored to match the kitchen counter and appliances. Everything in the kitchen was arranged in very orderly manner. She opened the refrigerator and poured a glass of milk from the container and in the flow of working she placed it in the microwave and turned it on. As microwave is heating the milk she is thinking to herself that she could have heated this milk on range, as she always thought that the food cooked on cooking range is always better than micro waved food. The thought of heating milk on range disappeared with the final beep of microwave and as her eyes read ? ENJOY YOUR MEAL? on the microwave display. She then added a little strawberry flavor, favorite of Jasmine, to milk and gave it to her. ?Here sweetie.? Jasmine took the glass of milk from her mother and sipped it. ?Yuck, it tastes funny.? After she finished her milk she placed the glass on the table near by her and lied down on sofa. She was tossing and turning to acquire a comfortable position to rest her body in. in the matter of few seconds she got up sat straight and started crying. ?Mommy, mommy I think I am going to throw up.? Sonia came running to Jasmine picked her up and ran to the bathroom. ? Here why don't you try throwing up now Jasmine stood there crying because she was very uncomfortable. She was trying to throw up, but she couldn't. ?Stop crying, Mommy is right here. Don't worry, you will be just fine.? After struggling a little, jasmine finally threw up. She threw up all over her clothes and toilet seat. There were little pieces of chewed hamburger and fries that she ate at McDonalds earlier. There was chewed up food floating in the toilet. Sonia took off jasmine's clothes and turned on the shower for her. Jasmine was very skinny and tall like her mother. One could count her ribs by just looking at her. She had beautiful dark face, big black eyes, and long beautiful black hair. While lifting jasmine to put her in the shower, Sonia realized that jasmine had very high fever. ?Oh my god! You are burning.? ?I need to take you to the doctor right away.? She glanced at the clock. It was 3.30 p.m. it was very cold outside and was starting to get dark. ?Let me call your father, and tell him that I am taking you to the doctor.? She picked up the phone and dialed ? Hi Ronny.? ?Hey, what's up ?Jasmine has a very high fever, and she just threw up. I am taking her to city hospital, do you think you can come there too ?I am working till eight today.? ?I think you will be back home by the time I leave here.? Before Sonia said anything Ronny said, ?But please call me and let me know what doctor said.? Sonia took Jasmine out of the shower and dressed her. Both jasmine and Sonia put on their jackets and left the house to go to the city hospital. The hospital was only few minutes away from the house and Sonia had been there a few times before. When Sonia reached the hospital, she glanced at her watch. It was 4.30pm and it was dark outside. ?Oh! I hate coming to city hospitals, now we will have to wait good few hours before we see a doctor.? She said to herself. She opened the door to the emergency room and stepped inside with jasmine. The whole scene of the emergency room scared Jasmine. A middle aged Hispanic man with a broken arm, and an old women breathing heavily like she

Abortion (this is a position paper!) essays

Abortion (this is a position paper!) essays Abortion is a very controversial topic and everyone has his or her own opinion. I don't really believe in abortion and I would never have one but my opinion of abortion is if you are against it you shouldnt have one. Abortion does kill a human child. The child may not be very old or very well developed, but it is still a baby that needs food and water and can feel pain and hear and see and jump up and down. I believe that abortion is actually a good idea if the pregnancy will probably kill the mother or if the fetus is not and can never be viable outside the womb. I have looked around to find the pro-choice arguments that I think are the most convincing arguments for abortion and tried to answer them with my own opinion in a way that is as convincing as the way they are presented. Don't teen girls need the choice of abortion though? As a teen girl I think an abortion would be even harder for me now than if I was older. Killing a baby that has never done anything to deserve death would make me very depressed. In addition, I think that many girls probably feel they have no other choice. If schools and colleges provided free childcare during school hours, girls could drop their babies off and visit between classes. I think that if girls had more choices like this, fewer girls would have abortions. Even if schools have no childcare, a girl living close to her mother, grandmother or even grandfather or father might be able to leave the baby with them for the day. Also, there are many, many more eligible families who want to adopt a baby than there are babies up for adoption. Abortion kills a baby that could make another family happy. But isn't it going to condemn women to incompetent butchers if abortion is illegal? Even in the current situation there are butchers. Abortion clinics do not have to comply with the same standards as hospitals and regular clinics, so women can die from the various complications of abortion....

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature review - Essay Example Ancient Western viewpoint Intellectually In the early period of the High Middle Ages, the Islamic communities had greatly contributed to the intellectual growth of the European people. Goddard (2000) stated that the medieval Muslim scholars (e.g., Averroes) had translated into Arabic language the scientific ideas and philosophies of the Greeks such as Aristotle (Goddard, 2000: 97). He further noted that it was in the eleventh century that the Europeans were able to obtain, translate, and read the works of the Greek scientists and philosophers via their Arabic version. Goddard (2000) said that there were two specific European locations wherein the readings and translations of the Arabic texts of the Greek intellectuals were made: Spain and Sicily. By and large, Muslims were viewed by the medieval Christians, based from Goddard’s analysis, as transmitters of scientific knowledge and intellectual tradition (Goddard, 2000: 98). Economically Moreover, Glick (2005) said that the Isl amic communities had greatly shaped the notion and praxis of urbanization for the pre-11th century European people. Prior to A.D. 1000, the administration of justice practiced by the Christian nation-state of Iberian descent was â€Å"dispersed among a multiplicity† of institutions or courts throughout the land (Glick, 2005: 113). In contrast, the administration of justice prominent in Islamic communities was remarkably concentrated in the al-Andalus towns. With respect to urban practices, the influence of Muslims to the medieval Iberian Christians took place when the former created the al-Andalus region as an international market in the 8th-century period. Here, European Christians perceived Muslims as civilized people with highly organized activities pertaining to urban function. Glick’s reading of medieval Spanish urbanization significantly viewed Islam as the promoter of civilization as we know it today: concentrated at the center. Theologically In spite of the con tributions of Islam to the preservation and institution of knowledge and urbanization, the European elite had attempted to demonize, and eventually succeeded in demonizing, the expanding Muslim communities. Tolan (1996), p.xv) described how Peter the Venerable, a Christian abbot of Cluny, travelled to Spain in order to meet and convince its king for a sinister plot of attacking Islam (Tolan, 1996: xv). The abbot of Cluny conceived a plan to rationally criticize the ideas and teachings characterized in the Islamic faith; through the aid of the king of Castile and Leon, Peter the Venerable created a team of translators with the main task of translating the Qur’an and other Islamic texts from Arabic to Latin language (Tolan, 1996). Thence, Christian scholars attacked the philosophy or ideas prominent in the Islamic texts. In the process, they perceived the Muslims as akin to pagans or heretics (Lumbard, 2009: 156). Militarily In the Early Middle Ages, it must be noted that Islam was not highly considered by the medieval Christians as a religion in

Research essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research - Essay Example This article discusses whether the drinking age of alcohol in the US should be lowered from 21 to 18 years. Alcohol is made when fruits, grains or vegetables are fermented. This process uses yeast or certain types of bacteria to convert the sugars used in the foods into alcohol. This process means that alcohol is a natural product that should not raise concern on the need for its use to the people. Alcohol that is taken is absorbed in the bloodstream of the individual and thus affects the central nervous system that includes the brain, and the spinal cord. The central nervous system is important since it controls practically all body functions. At 18 years, the human brain of the teenager is still in the developing stage, which means that drinking at this stage can have severe effects in the future of the individual. Alcohol is a known depressant and at the age of 18 years, it slows the functioning of the central nervous system. At 18 years, alcohol consumed actually blocks some of t he messages trying to get to the brain. This in turn changes an individual's perceptions, sentiments, movement, hallucination and hearing (Cima 2). United States recognizes 18 as the official adult age. At this age, people should be allowed to make their own decision about alcohol consumption. When an individual turns 18 years, they are allowed to receive the rights and responsibilities of an adult such as voting, smoking cigarettes, serve on adjudicators, marry or get married, sign legal contracts, can be prosecuted as grown person, and are allowed to join the military that takes into account risking an individual’s life. Lowering the recommended drinking age from 21 to 18 years would allow more people especially those between the ages of 18 to 20 years to take alcohol in a safer manner in regulated environments without supervision. When the government prohibits this age group from drinking in public places such as restaurants, bars, and other licensed locations, they will d rink in unrestricted places such as fraternity houses or house parties, places where they may be exposed to binge drinking and other unsafe behaviors. Taking alcohol in fraternity houses is dangerous since people in these social places tend to engage in games such as excessive alcohol drinking games, speedy drinking of alcohol that puts persons at risk of acquiring alcohol poisoning which can be fatal (Cochran 2). Most road accidents occur during the first few years of legal drinking regardless of the drinking age. According to the traffic act of the United States and the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, the age bracket between the ages of 21-24 years had the most number of involvements in road accidents while drunk. Majority of the victims had blood alcohol concentrations of more than 0.08, comprising of more than 35%. In order to offset these traffic accident fraternities by 21%, the legal age for drinking alcohol should be lowered from the ages of 21 to 18years. Comparative research shows that countries with the recommended drinking age of 18 years have lower number of traffic accidents caused by drunken driving (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University 1). If the recommended alcohol drinking age were lowered from 21 to 18 years, it would make consumption of alcohol less of a taboo for grownups’ that are newly joining college and the workforce. Moreover,

Financial Markets in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Financial Markets in Pakistan Essay A financial market is a place for buying and selling of financial securities such as stocks and bonds. It facilitates: * The raising of capital (in the capital markets) * The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets * In matching those who want capital to those who have it. Financial Market in Pakistan consists of (i) Money Market which provides short term funds and (ii) Capital Market which makes long terms funds available to businesses and industries. The Financial market can be reclassified into (i) Primary Market in which new shares or bonds are issued and (ii) Secondary Market in which securities previously issued are traded such as Shares, Bonds, Commercial Papers, Options and Mutual Fund. Of this, the banking sectors and non-banking sectors are regulated by the central bank, State Bank of Pakistan. While rest of the market (lease, stock exchanges, modarba, mutual funds and insurance) is regulaled by Secruities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THEIR ROLES: COMMERCIAL BANKS A type of bank providing checking and saving accounts, credit cards and business loans. Such a bank induces general public to deposit their savings in the banks and offers a wide range of services such as: * Deposit Mobilization * Money transfer * Financing Working Capital * Financing other trade related mode (import and export) * Investing in government securities * Call money operations These banks are of three categories (i) Public Sector Banks, (ii) Private Bank and (iii) Foreign Banks. LEASE -FINANCE EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT BANKS Investment banks perform a variety of functions. Primarily, they assist corporations to raise equity-capital by underwriting the public issues. They also assist companies desiring of mergers and acquisition and derivatives. In addition, they provide services like trading of derivative, foreign exchange, fixed income instruments and shares listed on the stock exchanges. Such banks cannot take deposits. They manage their affairs by charging fees such as (i) retainer fee, (ii) advisory fees based on the transactions, (iii) commission on underwriting and (iv) other financial services. PICIC was once a premier development in Pakitan but has merged with a commerical bank. BOND MARKET OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT BANKS These banks provide guidance in selection of industrial units and extend direct financial assistance to partly cover their financial requirements. Also, they engage themselves in promotional activities to attract investors towards neglected sectors through publishing brochures and research papers. Besides, they help in assessing feasibility of potential projects. Such banks are responsible for speeding up the pace of economic growth in the country in conformity with the national objectives, plans and priorities. Their core functions are: * Direct financial assistance * Catalytic function * Mobilization of domestic savings * Ensuring balance regional and industrial growth * Expanding entrepreneurial base by encourage new comers At one time, there were 14 Development Banks in Pakistan. However, most of them have been closed one after another as their bad debts mounted up. It is natural as they take substantial risks in promoting new types of industrial projects in underdeveloped areas sponsored preferably by new-comers. Nevertheless, their contribution brings fruits to the economy in the shape of successful industrial units and transfer of technology. At present, 8 development banks are operating which mostly are joint-venture with other Islamic Countries. MICROFINANCE BANK A microfinance bank would cater to the credit needs of poor households and their small enterprises. Thus microfinance bank provide credit to those poor who are not considered creditworthy by the commercial banks and other financial institutions. On the other hand, the microfinance bands recognize every single human being as a potential and creditworthy entrepreneur. In addition, they provide basic training in start of a small business, simple book-keeping and accounting. The main aim of microfinance institutions is alleviation of poverty through helping poor persons to earn some money especially the women. ISLAMIC BANKS In Islam, it is prohibited to charge interest on any loan. However, it is acceptable to pass on funds to a needy person or corporation for trade purpose in which case profit could be shared on an agreed basis whereas loss should be shared according to the funds invested. Besides, there are certain businesses where any form of deal is forbidden like alcohols and pork. Accordingly, Islamic bank refer to a banking activity which is consistent with the Sharia, the Islamic Laws. Otherwise, there is no difference between the traditional banks and the Islamic bank. DISCOUNT HOUSES These are firms which buys and discounts bills of exchange, banker acceptance, commercial paper, etc. Discount houses also tender for treasury bills, deal in short-dated government bonds, and are an important part of the short-term money markets. INSURANCE COMPANIES Insurance is a hedge against the risk of a contingent and uncertain loss. In other words, it is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. For this service, the insurer charges a fee called premium depending upon the risk involved. Besides traditional insurance companies, there are many Islamic insurance companies in Pakistan known as Takaful operators. Takaful is an Islamic insurance concept based on mutual co-operation, responsibility, assurance, protection and assistance between groups of participants. These companies believe in promoting the cause of Takaful as well as promoting the insurance business in a Shariah Compliant i.e. halal and absolutely Riba-Free insurance. STOCK EXCHANGES Stock exchange is a place where securities are bought and sold. Such securities include shares, derivative, unit trusts and bonds. It also provides facilities for the issue and redemption of securities. Prices of shares and bonds are influenced by their demand and supply like in other commodities. In order to list a security on the stock exchange, there are certain requirements. Transactions in the stock exchange are conducted by members only. Stock exchange serves both as a primary market for the initial public offerings and as a secondary market for their subsequent buying and selling Investors are not bound to sell stock or bond through the stock exchange. They can directly deal with the seller. Similarly, there is no compulsion that stock must be traded on the exchange. The securities can change ownership out of the exchange which is called ‘over the counter† or â€Å"curb dealings.† LEASING It is a contract where owner of an asset agrees to allow someone to use it for a fixed rental. It can be for fixed or indefinite period of time. It is a binding contract which sets out terms of lease agreement between the owner and the user. Leases are of various types mainly (i) a financial lease and (ii) an operating lease. The financial lease is long-term and non-cancellable contract where the user assumes some of the risks of ownership and has the right to keep the assets or get it transferred to its own name after fulfilling the necessary conditions. In operating lease, the owner transfer only the right to use the assets which is returned back at the end of the lease. There are some other types especially in the aircraft industry like wet lease and dry-lease and. In wet lease, a company agrees to provide an aircraft along with pilot and crew and would be responsible for the maintenance of the aircraft. Dry lease, on the other hand, refers to leasing only the aircraft. MODARBA If is a form of partnership which has two distinct parties: (i) the financier and (ii) the manager. The financer takes no part of management of the business. The profits are distributed among the subscriber while the manager is paid the usual salary. Modarba is one the modes of Islamic finance. It is like mutual fund minus its un-Islamic features. Not only in Pakistan, the Islamic financial services industry has witnessed a phenomenal growth all over the Islamic world. In particuar, the Modaraba Sector has been able to create a market niche for itself in the corporate sector. This model is enjoying a unique recognition due to its well designed structure with proper rules and regulations defined by the regulators. It has proved its resilience in this time of global financial turmoil. MUTUAL FUND It is a professionally managed type of pooled investment for acquiring securities like stocks, bonds, marketable securities and commodities. The profit is distributed by way of dividend to all investors. Financial market in Pakistan experienced boom conditions in1991 due to liberalization policies of the government. There was a manifold increase in the number of listed companies; number of commercial banks, local and foreign and financial instruments like commercial paper. But it has still to develop and a number of suggestions have been made: * The public sector should reduce its dependence on State Bank of Pakistan. * The infrastructure projects should be financed through domestic bonds of longer maturities (10-20 years). * The financial sectors (capital markets, micro credit, banking and non-banking sector) should have a better and more clearly delineated division of responsibilities. * Foreign institutional investors should be encouraged to take up (i) private equity funds, (ii) private pension funds, (iii) provident and gratuity funds and (iv) Real Estate Investment Trusts. * Mortgage financing should be encouraged.

Life Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

The Life of Charles Dickens Charles Dickens was on of the literary geniuses of the 19th century. Dickens was the first main stream writer to reach out to the semiliterate class. He did much to make sure his writings were avaliable to the middle class. He published serial novels on a monthly bases. One shilling (one twentieth of a pount) would buy you the next installmenrt to your novell. In a time when novels were almost thirty times as much as one of these serial novels, it put reading within the reach of the middle class, thus highly popularizing charles dickens works. By the popularity of his work he was able to afford a humble middle class life, which was what he always desired. Charles Dickens did not begin his life as a humble middle class child. In fact it was quite the oppisite. He was born in Portsmouth, England in 1812. He was the second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Navy pay office, In 1817 Charlews got the first taste of the life he would so strongly desire latter in his life. His family moved to Chatham a small portown in England. Charles enjoyed all the comforts of a humble middle class life. Fresh country air, decent schooling, and books to read on sunny afternoons. It was a short idyll, John Dickens money supply was lacking. He was recalled to London and forced to put his family of 6 in a small, smelly, bleak house in the ugly suburb of Camden town. Then in 1824 a event that shaped Charles Dickens view’s on the world occurred. His family increasingly needing of money, sent there second born child to work in a Warren’s Blackening factory . He worked beside ragged urchins, where paserby’s could see him working through the window. The factory was a foul rat infested palace next to the Thames river. Charles was then abandoned by his parents, John Dickens was arrested for debt, and moved himself and his family into the Marshalsea prison, exceppt for charles who was forced to survive on his own on the streets of London. A place where only have the children raised on them would survive to adulthood. Charles proved to be quite adept at surving for a few months when his father was released thanks to an inheritance, but much to Charles dissappointment his mother forced him to remain at the blackening factory.

What is American?

America is a consciousness rather than a culture, a way of life more than a precise political identity. Through the decades of immigration and settlement, with its unique characteristics of absorption and adjustment, assimilation and integration, America has become more than just a word for a geographical entity – it is a melting pot of diverse streams of humanity with their individual traits morphed into a fused sense of the American way of life. Fugazi’s lyrics define this perception of the ‘American’ identity which has magnified into multi-cultural multi-ethnic dimensions beyond the limited parameters of the name:America is just a word but I use it. Language keeps me locked and repeating. (â€Å"Stacks†) What is so unique about the different races and cultures coming to America, transforming themselves and causing a metamorphism in the constitution of the country, like subtle ripples on still waters? In this global world, there are umpteen numbers of displacements and re-settlements in every nation. Why is it that the American identity is changed because of the influx of people, customs and ideas? It is exemplified in Chesterton’s words:In a word, what is unique is not America but what is called Americanization†¦ [The British] are not trying to Anglicize thousands of French cooks or Italian organ grinders. France is not trying to Gallicize thousands of English trippers or German prisoners of war. America is the one place in the world where this process, healthy or unhealthy, possible or impossible, is going on. And the process†¦is not internationalization. It would be truer to say it is the nationalization of the internationalized.It is making a home out of vagabonds and a nation out of exiles. (â€Å"What is America? †) The American identity is an evolution, originating from the solid foundation of the Bill of Rights to a deep sense of patriotism and openness to change, a fighting spirit coupled with a friendly welcome to different nationalities. From the stars and stripes flag fluttering on American rooftops on Fourth of July to the barbeque on Labor Day, the solemn remembrance of Veterans’ Day and the Thanksgiving turkey, there is a sense of pride and belonging in the name ‘American’.This nation’s uniqueness rests on the principle of free will and choice. It is a democracy not closeted in theoretical ideology, but actively visible in the food, clothes, languages, religious beliefs and practices and lifestyles of the multi-faceted citizens of America. The American identity is an antithetical blend of internationalism in a nutshell of a nation. It is evidenced in the Italian pasta fragrant with the Indian cumin and the Caribbean peppers; it is seen in the combination platter of Japanese sushi with Chinese noodles and Spanish paella.Even the American dinner of pizza is transformed into a multi-cultural multi-cuisine entity with the customization of ing redients and flavors from all parts of the world. The free market economy of this nation is a distinctive quality of the American way of life. America is a land of opportunity where merit and talent are endorsed, hard work is remunerated, and the sky is the limit for individuals with aspiration and ingenuity. From the Silicon Valley I. T. avenues to the Mid-Western blue-collar industry and the East Coast corporate giants, labor is respected, regardless of the station and type of work.The bus driver is greeted with the same friendly welcome as the white-collar executive. Unlike the European, especially the English Work culture, there is no pedigree demanding privilege in the American democracy. For every citizen by birth or choice, ‘America’ symbolizes a hope for a better future, a dream crystallized to reality by sheer hard work and creative vision. There is no specific definition of the American culture, yet when thousands of cheering fans root for the inimitable Yanke es or the Dallas Cowboys, one experiences the unmistakable sense of being ‘American’.Sometimes, it is just enough to feel the macrocosm of the word than attempt to characterize its identity in the microcosm of a description. And this is invariably true of the American identity in the cosmos of its culture. Works Cited Chesterton, G. K. â€Å"What is America? † What I saw in America. 14 November 2008. < http://www. libertynet. org/edcivic/chestame. html> Fugazi. â€Å"Stacks lyrics†. 14 November 2008. < http://www. mp3lyrics. org/f/fugazi/stacks/>

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years War Between England and France lasted for more than a hundred years (1337–1453) of off and on conflict  before England appeared to have been defeated. Any conflict lasting this long would cause changes, and the aftermath of the wars affected both nations. The Uncertain End While we now recognize that a distinctive phase of Anglo-French conflict ended in 1453, there was no peace settlement in the Hundred Years War, and the French remained prepared for the English to return for some time. For their part, the English crown didn’t give up its claim on the French throne. Englands continued invasions werent so much an effort at recovering their lost territory, but because Henry VI had gone mad, and competing noble factions couldnt agree on past and future policy. This contributed greatly to England’s own struggle for power, known as the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of Henry VI during his mental illness. The conflict was partly fought by battle-hardened veterans of the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses tore at the elites of Britain  and killed many others as well. A watershed had been reached, however, and the French south was now permanently out of English hands. Calais remained under English control until 1558, and the claim on the French throne was only dropped in 1801.​ Effects on England and France France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition ruler by killing civilians, burning buildings, and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by ‘routiers,’ brigands—frequently soldiers —serving no lord and just pillaging to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes. Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘Hiroshima in Normandy. Of course, some people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. On the other hand, while tax in pre-war France had been occasional, in the post-war era it was regular and established. This extension of government was able to fund a standing army—which was built around the new technology of gunpowder—increasing both royal power and revenue, and the size of the armed forces they could field. France had begun the journey to an absolutist monarchy which would characterize  later centuries. In addition, the damaged economy soon began to recover. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organized tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fell greatly over the war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions such as Normandy and Aquitaine. For a while, however, some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder taken from France, building houses and churches back in England. The Sense of Identity Perhaps the most lasting impact of the war, especially in England, was the emergence of a much greater sense of patriotism and national identity. This was in part due to publicity spread to gather taxes for the fighting, and partly due to generations of people, both English and French, knowing no situation other than war in France. The French crown benefited from triumphing, not just over England, but over other dissident French nobles, binding France closer as a single body.